References - How much are women smoking?

[1] Jha P, Chaloupka F (1999) Curbing the epidemic: governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington: World Bank.
[2] Lopez AD, et al (1994) A descriptive model of the tobacco epidemic in developed countries. Tobacco Control 3(30): 232-47.
[3] Joossens L, Sasco A (1999) Some like it ‘Light’. Brussels: European Network for Smoking Prevention.
[4] WHO (1999), European Health for All statistical database, at www.who.dk
[5] Associated Press, 17.9.99
[6] Waldron I (1991) Patterns and causes of gender differences in smoking. Soc Sci Med 32(9): 989-1005.
[7] Jarvis M (1997) Patterns and predictors of smoking cessation in the general population. In Bollinger CT and Fagerstrom KO (eds) The Tobacco Epidemic. Bassel: Karger.
[8] Jarvis M. (1994) Gender differences in smoking cessation: real or myth? Tobacco Control 3:324-28.
[9] Nellen MEAH et al (1995) Economic and social prosperity as a predictor of national tobacco consumption. In Slama K (ed.) Tobacco and Health, 323-28. New York: Plenum.
[10] Graham H (1996). Smoking prevalence among women in the European community 1950-1990. Soc Sci Med1996 43 (2): 243-54
[11] Test Aankoop (1996). Zwangerschap en bevallen in Belgie. Oktober 1996: 34-43.
[12] Jarvis M, Wardle J (1999) Social patterning of individual health behaviours: the case of smoking. In Marmot M, Wilkinson J (eds) The social determinants of health. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
[13] Mackenbach JP et al (1997). Socioeconomic inequalities in morbidity and mortality in western Europe. Lancet 349: 1655-59.
[14] Mackenbach JP et al (2000) BMJ 320: 1102-07
[15] Graham H, Der G (1999) Patterns and predictors of smoking cessation among British women. Health Promotion International 14 (3): 231-39
[16] Townsend J et al (1994) The economic influences on smoking by socioeconomic group, age and gender. BMJ 309:923-27 or at www.bmj.com
[17] Jarvis M, Wardle J (1999) Social patterning of individual health behaviours: the case of smoking. In Marmot M, Wilkinson J (eds) The social determinants of health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[18] HEA (1997) Lighting up: smoking among 16-25 year olds. London: Health Education Authority.
[19] Bartley M et al (2000) Health inequality of women compared with men may be underestimated. BMJ 320:1303-07.
[20] Graham H, Blackburn C (1998) The socio-economic patterning of health and smoking behaviour among mothers with young children on income support. Sociology of Health and Illness 20(2): 215-40
[21] Jarvis M (1997) Patterns and predictors of smoking cessation in the general population. In Bollinger CT and Fagerstrom KO (eds) The Tobacco Epidemic. Bassel: Karger.
[22] Joossens L, Sasco A (1999) Some like it ‘Light’. Brussels: European Network for Smoking Prevention.
[23] Marsh M, McKay S (1994) Poor smokers. London: Policy Studies Institute.
[24] Jarvis M (1997) Patterns and predictors of smoking cessation in the general population. In Bollinger CT and Fagerstrom KO (eds) The Tobacco Epidemic. Bassel: Karger.
[25] Graham H (1995) Women, smoking and disadvantage. In Slama K (ed) Tobacco and Health. New York: Plenum.
[26] Jarvis M (1996) The association between having children, family size and smoking cessation in adults. Addiction 91(3) 427-34.
[27] Graham H, Der G (1999) Patterns and predictors of tobacco consumption among women. Health Education Research 14 (5):611-18.
[28] Jarvis M and Wardle J (1999) Social patterning of individual health behaviours: the case of cigarette smoking. In Marmot M, Wilkinson G (eds) Social determinants of health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[29] Dorsett R, Marsh A (1998) The health trap: poverty, smoking and lone parenthood. London: Policy Studies Institute. Brief details at www.psi.org.uk
[30] Jarvis M and Wardle J (1999) Social patterning of individual health behaviours: the case of cigarette smoking. In Marmot M, Wilkinson G (ed) Social determinants of health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
[31] HEA (1994) Black and minority ethnic groups in England: health and lifestyles survey. London: Health Education Authority.
[32] Greaves L, Barr V (2000) Filtered Policy: Women and Tobacco in Canada. Vancouver:
British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women's Health. (Web version available soon.)
[33] Gill B et al (1996) Psychiatric morbidity among homeless people, Volume 7. London: HMSO.
[34] See Disabled Women's Network Canada (1997). A way out: women with disabilities and smoking. Vancouver: Health Canada.
[35] Graham H (1988) Women and smoking in the United Kingdom: the implications for health promotion. Health Promotion 3(4): 371-82
[36] Towards a Europe for all: How should the Commission support Member States to promoting (sic) social inclusion. Conference report at www.europa.eu.int
[37] European Anti Poverty Network - EAPN. Reports at www.epitelio.org/eapn
[38] Gaunt Richardson P et al (1999) Breaking down the barriers: women, low income and smoking. Edinburgh: ASH Scotland.
[39] Currie C et al (ed 2000) Health and health behaviour among young people. Copenhagen: WHO.
[40] Currie C et al (ed. 2000) Health and health behaviour among young people. World Health Organisation.
[41] Diamond A, Goddard E (1995) Smoking among secondary school children in 1994. London: HMSO.
[42] Cited chapter 4, INWAT seminar report
[43] Gold MS (1995) Tobacco: drugs of abuse. New York: Plenum.
[44] Hegmann K.T. (1993) The effect of age at smoking initiation on lung cancer risk, Epidemiology 4:444-48.
[45] Wiencke JK et al (1999) Early age at smoking initiation and tobacco carcinogen DNA damage in the lung. J Natl Cancer Inst 91(7): 614-19.
[46] Taioli E, Wynder EL (1991) Effect of the age at which smoking begins on frequency of smoking in adulthood. New Eng J Med 325: 968-69.
[47] Joossens L, Sasco A (1999) Some like it ‘Light’. Brussels: European Network for Smoking Prevention.
[48] ASH Working Group on Women and Smoking (1995) As time goes by: smoking and the older woman. London: Action on Smoking and Health.
[49] White C (1997) Older smokers are left out of antismoking policies. BMJ 315: 1037 or at www.bmj.com .
[50] Vetter N, Ford D (1990) Smoking prevention among people aged 60 and over. Age and Ageing 19: 164-68.
[51] Jha P, Chaloupka F (1999) Curbing the epidemic: governments and the economics of tobacco control. New York: World Bank.
[52] Jarvis M and Wardle J (1999) Social patterning of individual health behaviours: the case of cigarette smoking. In Marmot M, Wilkinson G (eds) Social determinants of health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
[53] Graham H, Der G (1999) Patterns and predictors of smoking cessation among British women. Health Promotion International 14 (3): 231-239